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THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY,
ZOOLOGY, BOTANY, ann GEOLOGY.
(BEING A CONTINUATION OF THE ‘ MAGAZINE OF BOTANY AND ZOOLOGY, AND OF LOUDON AND CHARLESWORTH'’S ‘MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.)
CONDUCTED BY
Sir W. JARDINE, Barrt., F.L.S.—P. J. SELBY, Esea., F.L.S., GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.D., CHARLES C. BABINGTON, Esa., M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., J. H. BALFOUR, M.D., Reg. Prof. Bot. Glasg.,
AND
RICHARD TAYLOR, E-L:S., F:G:S.
WOL. Kit. O74
CROs
LONDON: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY R. AND J. E. TAYLOR.
SOLD BY S. HIGHLEY, SIMPKIN AND MARSHALL; SHERWOOD AND CO.; W. WOOD, TAVISTOCK STREET, BAILLIERE, REGENT STREET, AND PARIS: LIZARS, AND MACLACHLAN AND STEWART, EDINBURGH: CUKRY, DUBLIN: AND ASHER, BERLIN.
1844.
a Dapasmmcennit
*“Omnes res create sunt divine sapientie et potentie testes, divitie felicitatis humane :—ex harum usu bonitas Creatoris; ex pulchritudine sapientia Domini; €x cecoOnomia in conservatione, proportione, renovatione, potentia majestatis elucet. Earum itaque indagatio ab hominibus sibi relictis semper estimata; a vere eruditis
et sapientibus semper exculta; male doctis et barbaris semper inimica fuit.”— Linn.
CONTENTS OF VOL. XIII.
NUMBER LXXXI. I. Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus Sagitta. By Cuarzes Darwin, F.R.S., V.P.G.S. (With a Plate.)... 1
II. On the Marine Algz of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G, Dicxre, M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s College of
Page
fablerdecraw a (iW ithira Plate.) ii scnccccdsecs¢dascgnessecpeseaasaarensanasct eae III. Descriptive Catalogue of the Zoophytes from the Crag. By S. MW GOD ylisd.08 GS: aiccasopecces ome> wae asap atagey oaane oat eaanese gee Sasa
IV. On the existence of Branchiz in the perfect state of a Neuropte- rous Insect, Péeronarcys regalis, Newm., and other species of the same genus. By Greorce Newrort, Pres. Ent. Soc. &c. ......eeeeeeereee Seca, OE
V. A List of Lichens gathered in different parts of Wales, princi- pally in the neighbourhood of Barmouth, with a few casual observations
upon some of the species. By the Rev. T. Sarwey ....... seaipaces ssa 25 VI. Notes on Mr. Blyth’s List of Birds from the vicinity of Calcutta, By H. E, Srricxuanp, M.A. ......seeeee ac ceecect acianod Aoaapacadacnnoen nace 32
VII. Contributions to the Entomology of the Southern Eanes of South America. By G. R. Warernouss, Esq., Assistant Secretary and
Curator to the Zoological Society, &C. ...csececsesessecserseecseaseceseeesees 41 VIII. Note upon Obisium orthodactylum (Leach). 4 ALFRED
Tux, M.R.CS., M.S. ...:3 Base cape dnp seace cepot scone cece sees tse 55 IX. Observations on Fucus Labillardierii, Turner. By the Rev. M.
J. BERKELEY .......ccccccccccccceccceccccscscpesscccssscscccscesasccscseesoessecs 57
New Books :—Phycologia generalis; oder Anatomie, Physiologie und Systemkunde der Tange, bearbeitet von F. T. Kiitzing.—Synopsis Flore Germanice et Helveticze, auctore G. D. J. Koch ...... 61—63
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; Wernerian Natural History Society ; Zoological Society ......sscsecsesscseseceeceeees 65—75
Destruction of Trees by Scolytus; Demodex folliculorum; Kentish Birds; Description of two Green-streaked Wrasses (Labrus line- atus), Fleming; Capture of a short Sun-fish (Orthagoriscus Mola) ; Obituary :—J. C. Loudon, Esq., F.L.S.; Meteorological Observa- tions and Table ........ccccecesessseccecscses Sue sannenaesesun ewe nas cane 75—80
iv CONTENTS.
Page NUMBER LXXXII. X. Notes on the Coleopterous genus of Insects, Rhynchites of Herbst. By Joun WALTON, Esq. ....scecccecescccecscccccccsevarcenssssssceaccsernccceces 81 XI. An Account of some Seeds buried in a Sand-pit which germi- nated. By Mr. Wixi1am Kemp of Galashiels, in a Letter to Charles Darwin, Esq. ......... Sasbeibiemabacteccdeaancenncaerasranasaesecers APSccdopadeodss 89 XII. Remarks on the Habits of Birds which are Natives of the Bri- fish Islands. By. Trosras) Austin, NSq:) i. .sc.cscesssceessdoacescerssuncses #92
XIII. A List of the species of Myriapoda, Order Chilopoda, con- tained in the Cabinets of the British Museum, with Synoptic descrip- tions of forty-seven new Species. By Grorce Newrort, Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, Pres. Ent. Soc, & . ......-ccsssseceesnescseses 94
XIV. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Brren Be.urncuam, M.D., Member of and Professor of Botany in the Royal Collegeof Surgeons in” Ireland, Ges Vs.nscccecene-veerssewesereecateseastcese ct 101
XV. Abstract of a paper entitled “‘ Account of a Botanical Tour in North Wales, the South of England and Jersey.” By R. Grauam, M.D., Professor of Botany in the University of Edinburgh .............seeeseee 105
XVI. On a Fossil Crustacean of the Order [sopoda, discovered by the Rev. P. B. Brodie in the Wealden formation of Britain. By M.
Mire pw AnDstcssedaa. catcse sncee ryonceees A goonoasodgebonboasosqdobousocone: $5) WO XVII. Notice of the Blind Fish, Cray-fish, and Insects from the Mammnioth'(Caver, Kentucky ©. \237de.: bacon oe cecanee tected rence eee 111
XVIII. Further notice of the species of Birds occurring in the vici- nity of Caleutta. By Epwarp Bryrn, Curator to the Museum of the
Asiatic Society of Bengal .......... sateseemenaasace eter eels cniseae scene seca ats 113 XIX. Observations on Ehrenberg’s De Mycetogenesi Epistola, &c.
By ARrnun ra L HASSAnHS BSG. \.ccscccscusescesatisemaveetaes tee apcrootorene 7 XX. Information respecting Scientific Travellers ..........cseeeeeeees 121
New Books :—Narrative of a Voyage round the World, by Capt. Sir E. Belcher, R.N.—Eliz Fries Novitiarum Florze Suecicze Mantissa tertia—A Report on the Progress made in the Investigation of the Flora of Hertfordshire, by the Rev. R. H.Webb, M.A., and the Rev. W. H. Coleman, M.A.—Spicilegium Flore Rumelice et Bithynice, auctore A. Grisebach.—Flora Dalmatica, sive Enumeratio Stir- pium vascularium quas hactenus in Dalmatia lectas et sibi obser- vatas descripsit, digessit, rarorumque iconibus illustravit Rob. de Visianii—Sertum Plantarum, or Drawings and Descriptions of Rare or Undescribed Plants from the Author’s Herbarium, by H. B. Fielding, F.L.S., assisted by G. Gardner, F.L.S. .......... 126—128
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ; Zoological Society ; Geological Society......... 128—154
On the production of Animalcules in great numbers in the Stomach
CONTENTS.
and Intestines during the digestion of herbivorous and carnivorous Animals, by MM. Gruby and Delafond; Development and Pro- pagation of Serpents; On a new species of Hematozoon, 7rypa- nosoma sanguinis, by M. Gruby ; Meteorological Observations and
Page
able tsi deo eeieserast apncocoossoseocnoseeec nga dcnpaconocnecdonc se. 154—160
NUMBER LXXXIII.
XXI. Description of a new Genus of Nudibranchiate Mollusca, with some new species of EKolis. By Josuua Atprer and ALtsany Hancock, SEES a Mente Ee LALE:)\ sie, cosadhs a hist'dandsihsningos <uniost oud -oohbobeacdsacadeates
XXII. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryrn Beriincuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) ......cccececececececees
XXIII. Descriptions of some new species of Birds found in the neighbourhood of Calcutta. By Epwarp Bryrtu, Esq., Curator to the Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
XXIV. Descriptions of some newly discovered species of Araneidea. By Joon Buackwatt, Esq., F.L.S. . ......ccsscccecseees :
XXV. Observations on a new species of Cnanthe. By the Rey. Wey Fie Coneman, MAL BBiS= (With a, Plate:)»«eawinJeb.oevesseccees XXVI. The Musci and Hepatice of Teesdale. By Ricuarp Spruce, PRG gi Meobset bea aadaattoxs oeits ae no cocnsacodosnCOCoar waleseciode eeant axle dese sees “ocsoc XXVII. On the Nidi of Purpura lapillus and of Buccinum reticu- latum. By Mr. Cuartes WM. PEACH .........sccereccecesces
XXVIII. Notes on Mr. Blyth’s “ Further notice of the Species of Birds occurring in the vicinity of Calcutta.” By H. E. Srrickranp, IMSAN ames cose. noes SE eee oc nos hoc. Care c Ee beeen rer daydeetedndavcdes Sete cats:
XXIX. Notes on British species of the genus Bruchus, with De- scriptions of two species not hitherto recorded as indigenous. By MOTB MAT HANS RIS -Ghcenescsttsccasseceseavovestesase< ee
New Books :—Anatomical Manipulation ; or, the Methods of pursuing Practical Investigations in Comparative Anatomy and Physiology, by Alfred Tulk, M.R.C.S., and Arthur Henfrey, A.L.S.—Ent- wicklung des Hummereies, &c., by Dr. M. P. Erdl.—The Botany of the Voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur; edited by R. B. Hinds, Esq. : the Botanical descriptions by G. Bentham, Esq.—Supplement to English Botany.— Histoire Naturelle des Zoophytes :—Acaléphes,
161
167
203
204
206
farbivene-Primevere LessOnsss....cabeesseac-cods sonscceeen ence. 212—216
Proceedings of the Linnzan Society; Zoological Society; Entomo-
PROACHES OCLEU VIE wrecGinc «oie Sea aan sions saa aace daena edvamse -eees : 217—234
Note upon the Habits of the Common Toad; Propagation of the genus Syllis; Vessels pierced by the Weapon of the Sword-fish ; Upon the Secretion of Silk ; Fucus Labillardierii, Turn. ; Kentish Birds ;
Meteorological Observations and Table ......-.....cescceceseee 234—240
Vi CONTENTS. Page NUMBER LXXXIV.
XXX. On the Zoological condition of Chalk Flints, and the pro. bable causes of the Deposit of Flinty Strata alternating with the Upper Beds of the Cretaceous Formation. By D. T. Anstep, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Geology in King’s College, London, and Fellow of Jesus
CollemenCamibrido esi jenscec ss cence maaeis conden secienn smu esncn'se dee neseniene cons pees XXXI. On some species of Cuscuta. By Cuar.es C. Basineton, M.A., F.L.S., F.G.S. &c. (With a Plate.) ...... ideoawewbensasades detewduise 249
XXXII. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryen Betuncuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Comtinwed.) ..srcocesccseneeserecees 254
XXXIII. A List of Lichens gathered in different parts of Wales, principally in the neighbourhood of Barmouth, with a few casual obser- vations upon some of the species. By the Rev. T. Sanwey .......++... 260
XXXIV. A List of the species of Myriapoda, Order Chilognatha, contained in the Cabinets of the British Museum, with descriptions of a new Genus and thirty-two new Species. By Georce Newrort,
EERE C Seb ress int SOC OLC,jmactiseccesste E ialota wala aeaecencee ena neem en eee 263 XXXV. The Musci and Hepatice of Teesdale. By Ricuarp Spruce, Esq., F.B.S. (Concluded.) ...csssosssccsesscecasesscccssccscescessnesessscecs 271
XXXVI. On the Fossil Vegetables ef the Sandstone of Ayrshire. By J. Sueppen Parricx, F.R.S.E., F.R.SS.A. &c. (With a Plate.).., 283
New Books :—Iconographia familiarum naturalium regni vegetabilis, von Adalbert Schnizlein, Ph. D.— Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Sept-— Dec. 1843 ......cccccsscoresncesacecseasavcpoccsecoseseresans 292—295
Proceedings of the Zoological Society; Royal Institution ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh....n.-cpeconscnascsnecesensepecnsqeesosnyes wv. 295—311
List of Birds from Calcutta, by E. Blyth, Esq. ; On the true Situation in the System of Talegalla and Menura? by H. Denny, Esq. ; Upon the Metamorphoses of Eledona agaricola and Diaperis Bo- leti, by M. Leon Dufour; On Aptenodytes, by G. R. Gray, Esq. ; On the Transmission of Hydatids by Contagion, by Prof. Klencke ; Meteorological Observations and Table .........sesseeeeeeeeees 312—320
NUMBER LXXXV.
XXXVII. Description of a new species of Codiwm recently dis- covered on the west coast of Ireland. By Witu1am Henry Harvey,
Esq: (Withia Plate.) ....00.:..00 sesspacesenscnsnssni@nassseentaesvammann==ng sos, ook XXXVIII. Descriptions of some new British species of Rissoa and Odostomia. By Josuua Auprr, Esq. (With a Plate.)........0....000 . 323
XX XIX. Synopsis of the Genera and Species of Zoophytes inhabiting the Fresh Waters of Ireland. By Gzorce J. Autman, M.B., M.R.C.S.I., M.R.I.A., Demonstrator of Anatomy in Trinity College, Dublin ...... 328
XL. On the Marine Algz of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G. Dicxts,
CONTENTS. vil
Page M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s College of
Aberdeen. (Continued.) (With a Plate.) ccssccscsereseesececererecensenes 331 XLI. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryrn Beviincuam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Continued.) ...... cee creceseoersecs GOD XLII. Notices of British Fungi. By the Rev. M. J. Berkexey,
M.A., F.L.S. (Continued.) (With a Plate.) .....sscsesscsessceveseeveres 340 XLIII. On the Family Procellaride, with descriptions of ‘Ten new
Species. By Joun Govunp, F.R.S. &c. o..eccseceeeeeeees Beeeeeasansiesiesstae 360 XLIV. On the Plurality and Development of the Embryos in the Seeds of Conifere. By Rosert Brown, Esq., F.R.S., F.L.S., and Foreign Member of the Academy of Sciences in the Institute of France.
WatheayPlate:)yy esses ses Malate diciaeeieioisiere’ oye eaelee SOBER here wembiermeiadee oath ede 368 XLV. Onthe British Desmidiee. By Joun Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S., BONZAR CC. (6 encph tin castocbake ssebpchaenessnnteloees dG schoo wwuteie'sieore biol vin ola insane 375
New Books :—List of the Specimens of Birds in the British Museum. Part I. <Accipitres.—Voyage de la Bonite: Alge, by C. Mon- tagne, D.M. seers eeeeeee @eoeessoeereeese OOO C COS Eee OH HEH eee eee FF8OEs 3880—385
Proceedings of the Zoological Society......... Dacerccessencnernrecens 385—403
Popular Traditions relative to the Cuckoo ; Ortyx Virginiana in Nor- folk ; Description of a new species of Voluta; On the genus Ve- nilia; Meteorological Observations and Table ..........+00+ 403-—408
NUMBER LXXXVI. XLVI. Descriptions of several new or imperfectly defined Genera and species of Birds. By H. E. Srricknanp, M.A. (With four Plates.) 409 XLVII. Catalogue of Irish Entozoa, with observations. By O’Bryren Bexuinenam, M.D., Fellow of and Professor of Botany to the Royal
College of Surgeons in Ireland, &c. (Comtinied.) ....+sesrerecsersssrrees 422 XLVIII. Additions to the Fauna of Ireland. By Witt1am Tuomp-
son, Pres. Nat. Hist. and Phil. Society of Belfast ..........-.ssssseeseeee 430 XLIX. Researches on the Latex and its Movements. By Prof. H.
MOHL ccoesesseseees aecleasisinatshiasta ner Saeeiah ola jase beivebletehieieebe wideiceidbla ten ces 441 L. Notes on the Synonymy of the Genus /pion, with Descriptions
of Five new Species, &c. By Jonn Watton, Esq........sseeseesseeeeeens 444 LI. On the British species of Grammonema and Eunotia. By Joun
Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S., Penzance. (With a Plate.) ......secssscsceeseee 457 LII. Description of a new Genus of Gobioid Fish. By Joun Ricnarp-
SON, M.D., FiB-S. GC. cseveceversoveves sscecececscoerccscesaseveveses Geteo hae 461 LILI. Description of aGenus of Chinese Fish. By Joun Ricnarpson,
M.D., F.R.S. &. ...00. Gul douleateniesWeae rs Be nn aOAoE He noah anncisecob aucaec ees 462 LIV. On a Monstrosity of the Pistil in Primula vulgaris. By
CHaries C, BasincTon, .M.A,, FoLsS. EsGiS. 820, cascccecdawacccocsseeees 464
LV. On the difference between the Robertsonian Saxifrages of Ire-
Vill CONTENTS.
Page land and those of the Pyrenees. By Cuarues C. Basineron, M.A., ‘F.L.S., F.G.S. &e. (With-a Plate.)......cscc..seseeee Hpeaachocoas sBhadohousme see
New Books :—Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Third Series, Jan. 1844. 467
Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Botanical Society of London ; Botanical Society of Edinburgh ..... “pease Soace0n sAnooco .-. 468—484
Researches upon the Transformations of the Appendages of the Arti- culata, by M. Brullé; Microscopical Structure of Shells ; Meteoro- logical Observations and Table ...... caganeeeancesnenes PRA CN 484—488
NUMBER LXXXVII. SUPPLEMENT.
LVI. On the British species of Achnanthes. By Joun Ratrs, Esq., M.R.C.S., Penzance. (With a Plate.)..........+000 Ga eecaacalealalnncenslisianta 489
LVII. Examination of some instances of Vegetable Monstrosities, elucidating the Structure of the Pistil and the Origin of Ovules. By M. Ab. BRONGNIART ..esececsecscceees achioo CSHAGeaLCosGat aac wsdronhabneeueecamnel &
Proceedings of the Zoological Society ; Linnzean Society ......... 498—521
Method of preserving Animal Substances. By M. Gannal ......-..... 521 PGR rane cchiseuip ae asc hiscmiaieseisiieitani Aide ncaceicadee se Bie enc eatGasce Anan oe 523
PLATES IN VOL. XIII.
Puare I. Fructification of Marine Algze.—Structure of Sagitta. II. Nudibranchiate Mollusca. III. Ginanthe fluviatilis. IV. Species of Cuscuta.—Robertsonian Saxifrages. V. Fossil Plants. VI. Codium amphibium.—Fructification of Marine Algz. VII. Development of the Embryo in the Conifere. VIII. New British species of Rissoa and Odostomia. 1X. New British Fungi. X. Spermophaga margaritata. XI. Pitta cucullata. XII. Suiriri icterophrys. XIII. Holocnemis flammata. XIV. Grammonema, Eunotia, Achnanthes, and Striatella unipunctata.
ERRATUM IN VOL. XII.
Page 454, line 5, for ‘‘followat the first moult after the admission of the male. She,’”’ &c., read “follow. At the first moult however after the admission of the male, she,’’ &c.
ERRATA IN VOL, XIII.
Page 111, line 25 from top, for ‘‘ the cephalic segment is widened like that of Serolis,’’ read ** the cephalic segment is widened like that of Spheroma, whilst the eyes approach the median line as in Serolis.’’
272, line 10 from top, for ‘‘Its differences from D. Dillenii may be thus briefly stated,’’ read ‘‘ Its differences from D. fuscescens,’’ &c.
313, line 11 from bottom, for ‘‘ Had Talegalla been Rasorial,’’ read ‘‘ Had Talegalla been Raptorial,’’ &c.
THE ANNALS
AND
MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.
Soicwesccweasescaeses per litora spargite muscum,
Naiades, et circiim vitreos considite fontes :
Pollice virgineo teneros hic carpite flores :
Floribus et pictum, dive, replete canistrum.
At vos, o Nymphz Craterides, ite sub undas ;
Ite, recurvato variata corallia trunco
Vellite muscosis e rupibus, et mihi conchas
Ferte, Dee pelagi, et pingui conchylia succo.” Parthenii Ecl.1.
No. 81. JANUARY 1844.
=. —_
1.—Observations on the Structure and Propagation of the genus Sagitta. By Cuarius Darwin, F.R.S., V.P.G.S.
[ With a Plate. ]
THE species of this genus are remarkable from the simplicity of their structure, the obscurity of their affinities, and from abound- ing in infinite numbers over the intra-tropical and temperate seas. The genus was founded by MM. Quoy and Gaimard*; three species have been figured and deseribed by M. A. d’Orbigny, and lately Prof. E. Forbes has added a species to the British fauna, and has given many particulars regardimg the structure of the genus. Scarcely any pelagic animal is more abundant : I found it in lat. 21° N. in the Atlantic, and again off the coast of Brazil in 18° S.; between latitudes 37° and 40° S., the sea, especially during the night, swarmed with them. They generally appear to swim near the surface ; but in the Pacific, off the coast of Chile, I obtained specimens from a depth of four feet. They are not confined exclusively to the open ocean, as supposed by M. d’Or- bigny ; for near the shore of Patagonia, where the water was only ten fathoms in depth, they were very numerous.
All the mdividuals which I caught had two pair of lateral fins,
* Annales des Sciences Naturelles, tom, x. p. 232. M. d’Orbigny’s ob- servations are given in his grand work (Mollusques, p. 140). Prof. E. Forbes four years since made his first communication on this genus before the Wer-
nerian Society, and a second one at the Meeting of the British Association for the present year.
Ar Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Vol. xii. B
2 Mr. C. Darwin on the Structure and Propagation of Sagitta.
put I do not suppose that they all belong to the same species : those obtained in lat. 37° to 40° S. appear certainly to be the S. exaptera of D’Orbigny ; and the few following observations, which relate chiefly to their propagation, apply, when not otherwise stated, to this species. M. d’Orbigny and Prof. Forbes have provisionally placed this genus amongst the nucleo-branch mol- lusca ; but the evidence is hardly conclusive.
Head.—The linear-lanceolate head, which is of a transparent, gelatinous and adhesive texture, is separated from the body by a distinct neck. The head when not in action is slightly flattened and of a truncate-conical shape ; when in action its basal part as- sumes a semilunar or horse-shoe form, in the concavity of which lies the longitudinally-folded mouth. On each arm of the fleshy horse-shoe, a comb, formed of eight strong, curved, shghtly hooked claws or teeth, is attached. The animal when lively is constantly clasping these bristle-lhke teeth together, over its mouth ; when clasped together, and the head in a state of mac- tion, they appear to be situated much nearer to the mouth than when their fleshy bases are expanded in action. The middle teeth are the longest ; besides their claspmg action and the power of movement in their fleshy bases, each separate tooth can move itself laterally further from or nearer to the adjoining ones. The mouth opens on the oblique surface of a part projecting up, be- tween the two fleshy arms. Close to the mouth there are two other rows of exceedingly minute teeth, which have not been no- ticed by other observers, and which I discovered only with a lens of high power. These two rows of little teeth project inwards and transversely to the two great upright combs of teeth ; so that when these latter are clasped over the mouth the minute teeth cross them, thus effectually preventing any object from escapmg which might be caught by the longer curved teeth. I could not see any vestige of eyes or of tentacula.
Locomotive organs.—The animal moves quickly by starts, bending its body. The two pair of lateral fins and that on the tail lie im the same horizontal plane: viewed with a lens of small power they appear formed of a delicate membrane, but under a lens of yi5th of an inch focal distance they appear to consist of excessively fine transparent rays, touching each other, lke the barbs of a feather, but not, as it appeared to me, actually united by a membrane. The tail, besides bemg used as a locomotive organ, serves as a means of attachment; for the animal when placed in a basin of water sometimes adhered by its tail so firmly to the smooth sides, that it could not be detached by a consider- able agitation of the water. Out of the mnumerable specimens which I procured, I never saw one fastened by its teeth to the ova
Mr. C. Darwin on the Structure and Propagation of Sagitta. 3
of pelagic animals, or to other bodies, as M. d’Orbigny has ob- served in some of his species.
Internal viscera.—Within the body, in the same plane with the longitudinally folded mouth, there is a flattened tube or cavity, which in the specimens obtained in lat. 18° S. I observed had the power of contracting and enlarging itself im different parts, and within it there was a distinct peristaltic movement. Within this cavity in the S. ewaptera I could clearly discern in the posterior half of the body a delicate vessel, which I presume is the intes- tine, for it appeared to terminate on one side of the body at the base of the tail. I could discover no vestige of a nucleus, of branchize, of a liver, or of a heart. In some > exceedingly young specimens, however, just liberated from the egg, there was a di- stinct pulsating organ (as will hereafter be mentioned) in the an- terior part of the body.
Propagation.—The state of the reproductive system varies much in animals caught at the same time. Taking a specimen with this system in a high state of development, the tail, or the taper- ing part of the body into which the intestinal tube does not pe- netrate, is seen to be longitudinally divided by an exceedingly delicate partition, and to be filled with a pulpy finely-granular matter. The column of matter on each side of the central divi- sion also appears (but whether really so I do not know) to be di- vided, making altogether four columns,as is shown in the diagram. The whole of this matter is in a state of steady and regular cir- culation, something like that of the fluid in the stems of the Chara. The matter flowed upwards in the two outer columns, and downwards towards the point of the tail in the two middle columns. The circulation in the up-flowing columns was most vigorous on their outer sides ; and in the down-flowing columns on their insides, that is, on each side of the central partition : this would be accounted for, if we might suppose that the two sur- faces of the central partition were covered with cilia, vibrating in a direction opposite to that in which other cilia situated on the inside of the membrane forming the tail were also vibrating. The stationary condition of the granular matter between the two streams, travelling in opposite directions, perhaps gives the ap- pearance of the partition on each side of the central one. The circulation at the base of the tail was twice as rapid as it was near the apex: where most rapid I found that a granule travelled over the 345th of an inch on the micrometer in five seconds ; allowing for the slower rate im other appets, I calculated that in an individual, the tail of which was ,*,ths of an inch in length, a granule perfor med its entire circuit in about six minutes. Icould distinctly follow the granules descending one column, turning the
angle, and again ascending. In specimens with the reproductive B2
4 Mr. C. Darwin on the Structure and Propagation of Sagitta.
system in a lesser stage of development, the tail contained very little granular matter ; and in proportion as this was less in quan- tity, so was the circulation less and less vigorous: in some spe- cimens no granular matter, and perhaps, consequently, no circu- lation, was visible.
When the tail is filled with vigorously circulating matter two large cul-de-sacs or gut-shaped ovaries are invariably present, ex- tending, as represented (0 0) in the diagram, from the base of the tail along each side of the intestinal tube. These are filled with ova, which im the same animal are in different stages of development, and vary in length from ~4,th to 45th of an inch; their shape is pointed oval (Plate I. fig. B), and they are attached by the pointed end in rows to the sides of the ovaries: those of full size are de- tached by avery slight touch. When the ovaries contam many eges nearly perfect (but not at other times), a small conical and apparently perforated protuberance can be seen on each side (A A) of the body, through which without doubt the eggs are expelled. In different individuals the ovaries are of different sizes and the eges in different stages of development: before any of the eggs are perfected the ovaries are merely filled with granular matter ; but this is variably of a coarser texture than that within the tail. The ovaries when not containing granular matter are con- tracted into a very small size* (B). In great numbers of speci- mens taken in latitude 18° S. and between 37° and 40° S., I in- variably observed that there existed a close relationship between the quantity of circulatmg matter within the tail and the size of the ovaries ; from this circumstance, and from the similarity of the granular matter in the ovaries, before any of the eggs are per- fected, with that in the tail, except that the granules are in this latter part of less size, I think it almost certain that the granular matter is first formed within the tail, and that it then passes into the ovaries, where it is gradually developed into ova. I could not, however, trace any opening from the one part into the other, but at the bottom of each ovary there was a space, where a closed orifice might have been situated.
A well-developed egg presents, when liberated by a touch from a torn open ovary, the appearance represented at (B) in the diagram. The egg is transparent, and contains within it an ex- ceedingly minute globule. Twice on one day and once again a week afterwards, I clearly observed the following curious phzeno- menon take place: the apex of the egg, a few minutes after ha- ving been liberated from its attachment, began and continued to
* T also remark in my MS. notes, that the granular matter within the tail is sometimes contracted into small kidney-shaped bodies ; I cannot help suspecting that I ought in every case to have written that the ovaries were contracted into this form.
Mr. C. Darwin on the Structure and Propagation of Sagitta. 5
swell, and soon assumed the form shown by (C). Whilst this was going on, the small internal globule also appeared to be swelling, and at the same time the transparent fluid with which the ovum and its enlarged apex were charged, became more and more opake and granular. The apex continued enlarging until it became of nearly the same size with the ovum from which it proceeded ; and as this took place, all the granular matter was slowly expelled from the original capsule into the newly-formed one, in a manner which seemed to show that it was effected by the contraction of a ling membrane as represented at (D). Directly that this was completed the two balls slowly separated ; one being left a mere empty husk, and the other consisting of a spherical mass of gra- nular matter, within which a minute globule could be discovered. I presume that this was the same globule as seen within the egg in its first state (as at B), and that the appearance of its swelling was caused by the transparent fluid round it being first converted into granular matter. I have reason to suppose from what fol- lows that this little globule contains only air. The whole phe- nomenon was effected in about ten minutes; and in one case I watched the entire process without taking my eye from the mi- croscope.
On the 27th and 29th of September 1832, we passed* through the same tract of sea (off Bahia Blanca on the coast of northern Patagonia) where twenty-five days previously I had observed such great numbers of the S. exaptera with their ovaries distended with eggs, and I now found infinitely numerous ova floating on the surface. They were in different states of maturity ; those least developed presented a sphere of granular matter contamed within a larger spherical case. In the next stage the granular matter collects in a linear manner on one side of the mner sphere, and projects slightly beyond its outline ; it then soon forms a di- stinct prominent rim, extending round two-thirds of the cireum- ference of the inner sphere. This prominent rim is the young animal ; a fine vessel is seen extending within its entire length, and one extremity enlarges into a head: the tail is first hberated from its attachment on the surface of the inner sphere, and lastly the head: the young animal, when thus released, lies in a curved position within the outer case, with the inner sphere, on the cir- cumference of which it was developed, pushed on one side, and its function apparently ended. The central intestinal vessel is now much more distinct: an excessively fine membrane-like fin is discernible round the end of the tail; and the young animal being liberated from the outer spherical capsule, progresses by a
* I may add, that in the beginning of April, off the Abrolhos, on the coast
of Brazil, in lat. 18° S., numerous specimens of a four-finned Sagitta had their ovaries filled with eggs apparently ready to be expelled.
6 Dr. G. Dickie on the Marine Alge
starting movement like that of a full-grown Sagitta. At the ante- rior extremity, near the head, a pulsating organ can be distinctly seen. The ovum im all these stages contains a minute globule, which causes it to float on the surface of the water, and appa- rently is formed of air: I presume that it is the same globule with that seen in the egg, when first released from the ovary. The change in the floating ova from the state in which the imner sphere consists of granular matter without any trace of a young animal to the succeeding states must be rapid ; for on the 27th of September all the ova were in this first state, whilst on the 29th the majority contaimed partially developed young ones. These floating ova were ;!,th of an inch in diameter, whereas the spherical balls of granular matter which I saw expelled from their pointed oval cases were barely the jth of an inch in diameter ; but as the eggs within the ovaries were of different sizes, accord- ing to their states of maturity, we might expect that their growth would continue after having been expelled from them. I will conclude by expressing a hope that these few observations on the propagation of this curious genus may aid more competent judges than myself in ascertamig its true affinities.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. 1. Intestinal tube. oo. Ovaries. A A. Apertures of the ovaries, and lateral fins. T T. Tail divided into four columns of circulating granular matter, the course of which is shown by the arrows. B. Egg just liberated from the ovary. C. Egg in first state of change. D. Egg ina succeeding state.
I1.—On the Marine Alge of the vicinity of Aberdeen. By G. Dickie, M.D., Lecturer on Botany in the University and King’s College of Aberdeen.
[With a Plate. |
In the present and subsequent communications it is proposed to enumerate the marine Algee which have been found im the vicinity of Aberdeen, and also to record such observations on thei struc- ture as may seem of most interest.
Although no great merit attaches to mere local lists, still such are not to be entirely rejected as useless, more especially when we consider their utility to those whose attention is directed to the eeographical distribution of plants, a very interesting and im- portant branch of their history.
All the species to be mentioned have been collected on the Kincardineshire coast, the southern part of the Aberdeenshire
of the vicinity of Aberdeen. 7 coast being for the most part sandy ; the rocky part commencing only on the north side of the estuary of the Yethan, a distance of about sixteen miles from Aberdeen.
The part of the Kincardineshire coast which has been exammed is chiefly composed of granite and gneiss ; it is much exposed to the action of heavy seas, and presents few sheltered coves or even calm pools of any extent, and hence probably we may account for the absence of some of the more delicate species. I regret that my records of the temperature of the sea at this place are so few and little trustworthy as to be undeserving of record.
The arrangement given in Harvey’s ‘ Manual of the British Algz’ will be followed, although his divisions, founded on the co- lour of the seeds, are not strictly applicable in all cases.
MELANOSPERMEZ.
Halidrys siliquosa, Lyngb.—Both varieties of this plant occur in considerable quantity ; it is invariably found in pools, mostly at high-water mark, and is generally, or more probably always submersed.
Before proceeding to notice the species of Fucus occurring here, it will be requisite to direct attention to the fructitication of this genus, more especially in reference to Dr. Montagne’s paper in the ‘ Annales des Sciences Naturelles,’ October 1842 ; m which work that profound cryptogamist has published observations on his new genus Xiphophora, and in connexion with it has discussed at considerable length the question, whether the /ucacee may not have two modes of propagation ?
In Harvey’s work the fructification of the Fucoidee is defined as “consisting of spherical clusters of opake seeds, imbedded in distinct gelatinous receptacles, and finally escaping by pores ;” of Fucus more particularly it is said, that “ the receptacles con- tain tubercles imbedded in mucus, and discharging their seeds by conspicuous pores.”
On dissecting these so-called tubercles in different stages, more especially im the earlier, it will be found that they are in reality small sacs, or inflexions of the surface of the frond, having distinet walls composed of condensed cellular tissue and each opening by a small orifice, and having a close resemblance to the perithecia of a Spheria, or the so-called anthers of Marchantia. From the walls of the sacs origimate numerous jointed filaments, in some cases simple, in others branched; the apices of many of these protrude trom the orifices of the sacs, and present no great obstacle to the emission of the seeds, but prevent the entrance of any small body from without. Dr. Montagne’s account of the structure of Xiphophora corresponds exactly with this: the sacs he calls conceptacles, and compares the filaments to paraphyses.
8 Dr. G. Dickie on the Marine Alge
In the sacs containing simple filaments and at their bases, we find the seeds properly so called. These Montagne calls basi- sperms, from their position in relation to the filaments, and in order to distinguish them from the other kind of fructification. The seeds are usually imbedded in a gelatinous secretion. In some conceptacleswe find branched filaments which are also jointed, and in the upper articulations of which we observe the other kind of reproductive bodies called acrosperms by Montagne, the microphytes of De la Pylaie, alluded to also by Meneghini, and figured by Lyngbye (Montagne, loc. cit.). It must not be sup- posed, however, that the acrosperms are invariably contained in the terminal joints of the filaments ; the term is, however, sufficient to express the general difference in position of the two kinds of bodies, in relation to the filaments.
On the surface of the frond in many of the Fucoidee are nu- merous pores, from which issue, as Greville remarks, “ little tufts of filaments, the use of which has not been discovered.” These I believe to be barren conceptacles ; both the barren and fertile are in reality mere inflexions of the surface of the frond. The nature of the fructification im Asperococcus appears to be in fa- vour of this opinion ; in the A. fistuwlosus we have in reality the basisperms and simple filaments of a Fucus completely exposed, there bemg no inflexion of the surface.
Turner states that Reaumur considered the tufts of fibres arising from the pores on the frond as corresponding to the anthers of Pheenogamous plants.
Fucus vesiculosus—This species is abundant, and particularly near high-water mark and at estuaries. Dr. Montagne has only found basisperms in three specimens which he examined. It how- ever possesses also acrosperms, the two kinds occurring on differ- ent plants.
F. ceranoides.—In this vicinity it is only found at the mouths of the Dee and Don, and also some distance up these rivers. It in some instances makes a close approach to F. vesiculosus, and is probably only a variety of it, produced by the action of fresh or brackish water. Like the former species also, it possesses both kinds of reproductive bodies, which are found on the same plant, but on different fronds.
F. nodosus.—This species is found in great profusion. Mon- tagne and Pylaie have only found on it acrosperms, Lyngbye de- tected basisperms ; Turner says that both occur in the same con- ceptacles. I have found both, but on different plants, and have been unable to confirm Turner’s observations.
F. serratus Abundant. This species possesses both kinds of reproductive bodies on the same plant, but on different fronds.
F. canaliculatus is very common ; for the most part an occa-
of the vicinity of Aberdeen. 9
sional moistening with sea-water is all that is necessary for the development of this species, and hence it is mostly found at high- water mark. Dr. Montagne has found both kinds of fructifica- tion in the same receptacle. The basisperms in the course of their development undergo several changes : these may be easily traced in F. serratus and F. canaliculatus. In the former we first ob- serve large cells with several nuclei in their interior ; these rapidly increase in size ; the parent cells now appear compound and in course of time disappear, the young cells becoming free. Figs. 1, 2, 3,4 in Plate I. represent these stages in the species alluded to. In F. canaliculatus the young cells are not so numerous as in the former case.
Some time ago a few experiments were made for the purpose of ascertaining the mode of germination in the last species. A considerable quantity of its seeds were placed on slips of glass, to which they readily adhered ; these were kept immersed in sea- water, which was renewed every four or five days. The experi- ments were conducted im a room at a moderate temperature, and in the month of December. In about three weeks the seeds were found to have undergone a change of form ; from triangular with rounded angles they had become spherical. In the next stage a slight swelling was observed on many of them, and at a more ad- vanced period there issued at this place several minute transpa- rent filaments, never exceeding four in number from the same seed ; one or more of these had usually made greater progress than the others. In their interior was seen a granular matter of a pale yellow colour. The observations were interrupted at a more advanced stage, when the filaments appeared to have be- come coherent at their bases. By careful examination under the microscope, it was found that each seed consists of two coats, the inner the most delicate of the two and containing a granular mat- ter ; the filaments appeared to be prolongations of it, and to have burst the outer and stronger membrane.
Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8 represent the germination at different periods. The receptacles containing the acrospermal conceptacles, gene- rally when